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MySQL保障安全不公開root賬戶授權
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為了確保MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫的安全性，建議不要公開root賬戶的授權，以下是一些建議和方法來實現(xiàn)這一目標：
1、創(chuàng)建新用戶并授權
創(chuàng)建一個具有特定權限的新用戶，而不是使用root賬戶進行操作，可以創(chuàng)建一個名為newuser的用戶，并為其分配適當?shù)臋嘞蕖?/p>
“`sql
CREATE USER ‘newuser’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘password’;
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO ‘newuser’@’localhost’ WITH GRANT OPTION;
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
“`
2、限制遠程訪問
如果需要從遠程主機訪問MySQL數(shù)據(jù)庫，請確保僅允許特定的IP地址或主機名進行連接，可以通過修改MySQL配置文件（如my.cnf或my.ini）來實現(xiàn)這一點。
在[mysqld]部分添加以下內容：
“`
bindaddress = 127.0.0.1
“`
這將限制MySQL服務器僅接受來自本地主機的連接，如果要允許特定的遠程主機連接，可以使用以下配置：
“`
bindaddress = 192.168.1.100
“`
3、使用SSL加密連接
為了提高安全性，建議使用SSL加密連接，需要在MySQL服務器上生成證書和密鑰，將證書和密鑰文件存儲在安全的位置，并在客戶端配置中指定它們。
在MySQL服務器上生成證書和密鑰：
“`bash
sudo mysql_ssl_rsa_setup datadir=/var/lib/mysql/ certfile=/etc/mysql/servercert.pem keyfile=/etc/mysql/serverkey.pem
“`
在客戶端配置中指定證書和密鑰：
“`bash
[client]
user = newuser
password = password
sslca = /etc/mysql/servercert.pem
sslcert = /etc/mysql/clientcert.pem
sslkey = /etc/mysql/clientkey.pem
“`
4、定期更新密碼和權限
為了確保數(shù)據(jù)庫的安全，建議定期更新用戶的密碼和權限，可以使用以下命令來更改用戶的密碼：
“`sql
ALTER USER ‘newuser’@’localhost’ IDENTIFIED BY ‘newpassword’;
“`
5、監(jiān)控和審計日志
啟用MySQL的審計插件以記錄所有對數(shù)據(jù)庫的訪問嘗試，這有助于檢測和防止未經(jīng)授權的訪問，要啟用審計插件，請按照以下步驟操作：
安裝審計插件：sudo aptget install libauditpluginsmysql（Debian/Ubuntu）或sudo yum install auditlibsmysql（CentOS/RHEL）
編輯MySQL配置文件（如my.cnf或my.ini），在[mysqld]部分添加以下內容：
“`
log_output = TABLE audit_log_file = /var/log/mysql/audit.log general_log = 1 local_general_log = 1 general_log_file = /var/log/mysql/general.log long_query_time = 1 slow_query_log = 1 slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log server_id = 1 skipnameresolve skiphostcache skipshowdatabase skipevents_statements_application_latencies skipstatus update user set global event_scheduler = ON on audit_log_policy = ALL enable_audit_log_trigger = ON audit_log_filter = NULL audit_log_format = JSON audit_log_file_maintenance = ON audit_log_expire_date = NONE audit_log_rotation_age = 0 audit_log_rotation_size = 0 audit_log_space_limit = 0 audit_log_strategy = ALL audit_log_handlers = JSON,UNIX_LOGFILE,EXTENDED audit_connections = ON audit_tmpdir = /tmp audit_max_file_size = 1G audit_max_queued_connections = 500 audit_min_length = 8 audit_tablespaces = INNODB,ARIA,CSV,NONE audit_flush = IMMEDIATE audit_syslog = ON audit_logsyslog = ON audit_logerror = ON audit_hostname = %HOSTNAME% audit_pid = %PID% audit_socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock audit_port = 3306 audit_enable_statechanges = ON audit_enforcedprivileges = NONE audit_skippedhosts = NONE audit_skippedusers = NONE audit_skippeddbs = NONE audit_skippedtables = NONE audit_skippedcolumns = NONE audit_skippedevents = NONE audit_ignoredusers = NONE audit_ignoreddbs = NONE audit_ignoredtables = NONE audit_ignoredcolumns = NONE audit_ignoredevents = NONE audit_ignoredcommands = NONE audit_ignoredconnections = NONE audit_ignoredstatements = NONE audit_ignoredresultsets = NONE audit_ignoredwarnings = NONE audit_ignorederrors = NONE audit_ignoredtimeouts = NONE audit_ignorednoops = NONE audit_ignoredauthentications = NONE audit_ignoredlocks = NONE audit_ignoredmetadatachanges = NONE audit_ignoredtransactions = NONE audit_ignoredtemporalchanges = NONE audit_ignoredautoincchanges = NONE audit_ignoredbinlogchanges = NONE audit_ignoredxachanges = NONE audit_ignoredenginechanges = NONE audit_ignoredrowlevelevents = NONE audit_ignoredstatementthrottles = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierdelays = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationappliererrors = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierwarnings = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierstatusupdates = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierheartbeats = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierstatusmessages = NONE audit_ignoredreplicationapplierschemachanges = NONE audit
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