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- 1.1. 什么是 Debian？
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- 1.1.1. 一個(gè)多平臺(tái)操作系統(tǒng)
- 1.1.2. 自由軟件的質(zhì)量
- 1.1.3. 法律框架：非營(yíng)利組織
- 1.2. 基金會(huì)文檔
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- 1.2.1. 對(duì)用戶的承諾
- 1.2.2. Debian 自由軟件指導(dǎo)方針
- 1.3. Debian 項(xiàng)目的內(nèi)部工作
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- 1.3.1. Debian 開(kāi)發(fā)者
- 1.3.2. 用戶的積極角色
- 1.3.3. 團(tuán)隊(duì)與子計(jì)劃
- 1.4. 跟著 Debian 最新消息
- 1.5. 發(fā)行版的角色
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1.5.1. 安裝器：
debian-installer - 1.5.2. 軟件程序庫(kù)
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1.5.1. 安裝器：
- 1.6. 發(fā)布周期
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- 1.6.1. 實(shí)驗(yàn)狀態(tài)
- 1.6.2. 不穩(wěn)定狀態(tài)
- 1.6.3. 遷移至測(cè)試
- 1.6.4. 從測(cè)試版至穩(wěn)定版
- 1.6.5. 舊穩(wěn)定版與更舊穩(wěn)定版狀態(tài)
在深入涉及到相關(guān)技術(shù)之前，讓我們看一看什么是 Debian 項(xiàng)目，它的目標(biāo)、意義是什么以及它是如何運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的。
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1.1. 什么是 Debian？
文化 Debian 名稱的起源
沒(méi)有什么特別的：Debian 不是一個(gè)縮寫(xiě)詞。它的名字實(shí)際上是兩個(gè)姓氏的組合：Ian Murdock，和他那時(shí)的女朋友，Debra。所以就有了 Debra + Ian = Debian。 Debian 是一個(gè) GNU/Linux 的發(fā)行版。我們稍后將會(huì)詳細(xì)地討論什么是發(fā)行版第 1.5 節(jié) “發(fā)行版的角色”。但是當(dāng)前情況下，我們暫且將其簡(jiǎn)單地歸納為一個(gè)完整的操作系統(tǒng)，包括軟件和系統(tǒng)的安裝及管理，所有的這些都基于 Linux 內(nèi)核和自由軟件（尤其是來(lái)自 GNU 項(xiàng)目的自由軟件）。 當(dāng)他在自由軟件基金會(huì)（FSF）的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下于1993年創(chuàng)建 Debian 時(shí)，Ian Murdock 有清晰的目標(biāo)，他在
Debian Manifesto 中對(duì)其作了闡述。他所追求的自由操作系統(tǒng)將有兩個(gè)首要的特性。第一點(diǎn)是質(zhì)量：Debian 將在最大的關(guān)懷與努力下進(jìn)行開(kāi)發(fā)，以與 Linux 內(nèi)核相配。另外，它同樣將是一個(gè)非商業(yè)化的發(fā)行版，足夠可靠而能夠和主流商業(yè)發(fā)行版相競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。在他眼里，這兩個(gè)雄心壯志只能以開(kāi)放 Debian 開(kāi)發(fā)過(guò)程的方式達(dá)成，正如 Linux 和 GNU 工程所做的那樣。因此，互幫互查將能夠持續(xù)地改進(jìn)這個(gè)項(xiàng)目。
文化 GNU，自由軟件基金會(huì)（FSF）的工程
GNU 工程是一系列由自由軟件基金會(huì)（FSF）開(kāi)發(fā)或贊助的自由軟件，由其標(biāo)志性領(lǐng)袖，理查德·M·斯托曼（Richard M. Stallman）發(fā)起。GNU 是一個(gè)遞歸縮寫(xiě)，代表“GNU 不是 Unix（GNU is Not Unix）”。
文化 理查德·斯托曼
FSF's founder and author of the GPL license, Richard M. Stallman (often referred to by his initials, RMS) is a charismatic leader of the Free Software movement. Due to his uncompromising positions, he is not unanimously admired, but his non-technical contributions to Free Software (in particular, the legal and philosophical) are respected by everybody.
1.1.1. 一個(gè)多平臺(tái)操作系統(tǒng)
社區(qū) 伊恩·默多克的旅程
伊恩·默多克是 Debian 項(xiàng)目的創(chuàng)立者，也是該項(xiàng)目從1993年至1996年的第一任領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者。在把接力棒交給 Bruce Perens 之后，伊恩不經(jīng)常參與公眾活動(dòng)。他回到了自由軟件社區(qū)的背后工作，為了嘗試商業(yè)發(fā)行一個(gè) Debian 的衍生發(fā)行版建立了 Progeny 公司。遺憾的是，這次冒險(xiǎn)嘗試是一個(gè)商業(yè)失敗，開(kāi)發(fā)活動(dòng)也被放棄了。公司在經(jīng)歷了幾年的摸爬滾打之后，以一個(gè)服務(wù)提供商的身份最終于2007年的4月破產(chǎn)。在 Progeny 發(fā)起的各個(gè)項(xiàng)目中，只有
discover 繼續(xù)存在。這是一個(gè)自動(dòng)硬件檢查工具。 Ian Murdock died on 28 December 2015 in San Francisco after a series of worrying tweets where he reported having been assaulted by police. In July 2016 it was announced that his death had been ruled a suicide. Debian, remaining true to its initial principles, has had so much success that, today, it has reached a tremendous size. Currently there are 10 hardware architectures officially supported and also other kernels like FreeBSD (although the FreeBSD-based ports are not part of the set of officially supported architectures). Furthermore, with more than 28,000 source packages, the available software can meet almost any need that one could have, whether at home or in the enterprise. The sheer size of the distribution can be inconvenient: it is really unreasonable to distribute 16 DVD-ROMs to install a complete version on a standard PC… This is why Debian is increasingly considered as a “meta-distribution”, from which one extracts more specific distributions intended for a particular public: Debian Science for scientific use, Debian Edu for education and pedagogical use in an academic environment, Debian Med for medical applications, Debian Jr. for young children, etc. A more complete list of the subprojects can be found in 第 1.3.3.1 節(jié) “Debian 現(xiàn)有的子計(jì)劃”, dedicated to that purpose. 這些 Debian 的組成部分由定義清晰的框架組織而成，保證“子發(fā)行版”之間互相兼容、互不干擾。它們都采用一致的方案釋放出新版本。同時(shí)它們都基于相同的基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)建而成，可以輕松地使用 Debian 倉(cāng)庫(kù)中的軟件進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展、完善和個(gè)性化配置。 所有 Debian 的工具都遵循這個(gè)指導(dǎo)方向：
debian-cd 已經(jīng)存在很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了，它可以用來(lái)創(chuàng)建一組光盤，其中僅包含一系列預(yù)先選擇的軟件包；
debian-installer 也是一個(gè)模塊化的安裝工具，易于適應(yīng)不同的需求。
APT 可以使用不同的來(lái)源安裝軟件包，同時(shí)保證系統(tǒng)整體的一致性。
工具 創(chuàng)建 Debian 安裝光盤
debian-cd 創(chuàng)建即時(shí)可用的安裝媒介（如 CD、DVD、藍(lán)光等等）的 ISO 鏡像。所有關(guān)于這個(gè)軟件的討論（使用英文）均在
[email protected] 這個(gè)郵件列表中進(jìn)行。這個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)由 Steve Mclntyre 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)，他同時(shí)控制著官方的 Debian 鏡像構(gòu)建過(guò)程。
基本知識(shí) 每臺(tái)電腦，都有它的架構(gòu)
術(shù)語(yǔ) “architecture（架構(gòu)）” 表明了計(jì)算機(jī)的類型（最為人所知的就是 Mac 或是 PC 了）。每一種架構(gòu)的主要區(qū)別在于它使用的處理器，通常不同的處理器之間是不能兼容的。這些硬件的不同包含了大量不同的操作方法，因此需要為每種不同的架構(gòu)分別編譯軟件。 Most software available in Debian is written in portable programming languages: the same source code can be compiled for various architectures. In effect, an executable binary, always compiled for a specific architecture, will not usually function on any of the other architectures. Remember that each program is created by writing source code; this source code is a text file composed of instructions in a given programming language. Before you can use the software, it is necessary to compile the source code, which means transforming the code into a binary (a series of machine instructions executable by the processor). Each programming language has a specific compiler to execute this operation (for example,
gcc for the C programming language).
工具 安裝程序
debian-installer 是 Debian 安裝程序的名字。它的模塊化設(shè)計(jì)令他可以應(yīng)用于各種各樣的安裝場(chǎng)景。開(kāi)發(fā)工作在 Cyril Brulebois 的指導(dǎo)下溝通協(xié)調(diào)于
[email protected] 郵件列表。
1.1.2. 自由軟件的質(zhì)量
Debian follows all of the principles of Free Software, and its new versions are not released until they are ready. Developers do not work upon a set schedule and don't have to rush to meet an arbitrary deadline. People frequently complain of the long time between Debian's stable releases, but this caution ensures that Debian's legendary reliability is met: long months of testing are indeed necessary for the full distribution to receive the “stable” label. Debian will not compromise on quality: all known critical bugs on key packages are resolved in any new version, even if this requires the initially forecast release date to be pushed back. Optional packages whose critical bugs are not fixed, and thus do not meet the quality requirements, are simply dropped from the stable release.
1.1.3. 法律框架：非營(yíng)利組織
從法律上來(lái)說(shuō)，Debian 是一個(gè)由美國(guó)的非營(yíng)利志愿者協(xié)會(huì)管理的項(xiàng)目。這個(gè)項(xiàng)目大約有一千左右的
Debian 開(kāi)發(fā)者，但是聚集了遠(yuǎn)超這個(gè)數(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)者（翻譯者，bug 報(bào)告者，藝術(shù)家，臨時(shí)開(kāi)發(fā)者等）。 To carry its mission to fruition, Debian has a large infrastructure, with many servers connected across the Internet, offered and hosted by many sponsors.
社區(qū) 在 Debian 的背后有 SPI（Software in the Public Interest）與當(dāng)?shù)胤种C(jī)構(gòu)的幫助
Debian doesn't own any server in its own name, since it is only a project within the
Software in the Public Interest ( SPI) association, which manages the hardware and financial aspects (donations, purchase of hardware, etc.). Although it was initially created specifically for the Debian project, this association now hosts other free software projects, especially the PostgreSQL database, Freedesktop.org (project for standardization of various parts of modern graphical desktop environments, such as GNOME and KDE Plasma), and the LibreOffice office suite. → https://www.spi-inc.org/ 在 SPI 之外，各種地區(qū)協(xié)會(huì)與 Debian 密切協(xié)作來(lái)為 Debian 項(xiàng)目籌措資金，使得不必要所有事情都集中在美國(guó)；在 Debian 項(xiàng)目的語(yǔ)匯中這些協(xié)會(huì)被稱作 “可信組織” 。這樣的設(shè)置避免了過(guò)高的國(guó)際交流成本，同時(shí)也契合了項(xiàng)目本身的去中心化的理念。 Do not hesitate to join your local association and support the project! → https://wiki.debian.org/Teams/Auditor/Organizations → https://france.debian.net/ → https://debian.ch/
文章題目：【Debian管理員手冊(cè)】第?1?章?Debian項(xiàng)目
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